Indian summer monsoon (ISM), modulated by external and internal forcings, is vital for hydrological and economical sustainability in South Asia. Paleoclimate records show significant variability in ISM precipitation, driven by natural factors such as solar insolation, CO2-climate coupling, NAO, ENSO, PDO, and IOD. An unprecedented rise in the frequency of extreme precipitation events, attributed to recent global warming, has raised curiosity about complex interaction and spatiotemporal impacts of various natural and anthropogenic forcing factors in different regions of the ISM domain. These are crucial for better understanding of regional variability, predictive climate modelling and preparing for sustainable development goals. By integrating high-resolution land and marine proxy records with modelling approaches, the session aims to foster dialogue on understanding complex interaction, coupling and decoupling of various forcing factors, and their spatio-temporal impacts on ISM.