South Asia is a region with marked geographical diversity and climatic variability, shaped over millennia by monsoonal cycles, sea-level fluctuations, and glacial-interglacial cycles. During the late Pleistocene and early-mid Holocene, environmental fluctuations presented challenges and opportunities, influencing human mobility, subsistence strategies, and technological innovations. South Asia still hosts foraging/hunter-gatherer/fisher communities, whose presence in varied ecological niches offers analogues for interpreting the archaeological record. This session invites contributions on how late Pleistocene and early-mid Holocene communities in South Asia responded to environmental transformations, drawing on insights from resilience and adaptive strategies of contemporary indigenous groups inhabiting varied ecological niches. By integrating archaeology and ethnography, the session aims to bridge past and present, exploring continuities and transformations of knowledge systems, tool technologies, and social networks that enabled survival amid climatic shifts.