This session explores long-term agricultural adaptation and resilience in dryland regions, drawing on research from the AGRI-DRY MSCA network. It integrates archaeobotany, paleoenvironmental reconstructions, landscape archaeology, and digital methods to examine how ancient societies managed water, soil, and climate variability. Presentations will highlight interdisciplinary approaches and heritage-based strategies to address contemporary challenges in food and landscape sustainability. The session brings together case studies from Southern Africa and the Mediterranean to uncover transferable models for climate adaptation.